STRUCTURING SENTENCE and PRESENT TIME

A. STRUCTURING SENTENCE

  1.  SIMPLE SENTENCE

Simple sentence is the sentence type (type of sentence) of the most fundamental, which consists of only one independent clause. Type this phrase does not mean "simple" for understood as simple sentence itself refers to the pattern of the sentence is not the complexity of thought.

Another type of sentence, namely: compound, complex, and compound-complex sentence. By understanding the various types of sentences, will be very helpful in giving sentence variation on a post.

Examples of Simple Sentence Sentence:

• My sister read the magazine. (Sister reading a magazine.)

• The manager Came late today. (The Manager came late today.)

Independent Clause and Compound Element on Simple Sentence

Independent clause consists of one subject, verb, with / without any other components (such as a modifier or complement) to form sentences that have meaning full / complete. Subject is someone / something (someone / something), be a noun or pronoun, whose action. Actions taken (verb) can be in the form of action (example: eat, play, read) or linking verb.

Examples of Simple Sentence Sentence:

Contoh Kalimat Simple Sentence	Keterangan
My sister read the magazine.	subject= my sister, verb= read, (direct) object= the magazine
The manager came late today.	subject= the manager, verb= came, adverb= late, today
He is diligent. (Dia rajin)	subject= he (pronoun), (linking) verb= is, adjective= diligent
I was doing physically exercises at this time yesterday. (Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari.)	subject= I, verb= was doing, (direct) object= physically exercises prepositional phrase= at this time yesterday

Simple sentence is usually a short sentence, but it may be longer. The sentence can be longer when the elements of the sentence (subject, verb, object, etc) are used as compound (compound). Among the elements of the compound (subject compound, compound verb, etc) are not separated by commas. In addition, the prepositional phrase can also serve to extend suatusimple sentence.

Example:

Contoh Kalimat Simple Sentence	Keterangan
Atiek and I got the appreciation for our recent research. (Atiek dan saya mendapatkan perhargaan untuk riset terakhir kami.)	compound subject
The babies laughed and cried simultaneously. (Bayi-bayi tersebut tertawa dan menangis secara bersamaan.)	compound verb
Ana and Yuni read and wrote the instruction. (Ana dan Yuni membaca dan menulis instruksi.)	compound subject, compound verb
Ana and Yuni read the instruction on the whiteboard and wrote it on their book. (Ana dan Yuni membaca instruksi di papan tulis putih dan menuliskannya di buku mereka.)	prepositional phrase

2. COMPOUND SENTENCE 

Compound sentence is the sentence type (type of sentence) consisting of two or more independent clause. In the compound sentence, the mind on two or more independent clause is linked to an equal level of importance.

 To connect two or more independent clauses in a compound sentence can be used coordinate conjunction, conjunctive adverb, or a semicolon only. Although linked by a conjunction or semicolon, each independent of the actual clause can stand alone.

For example:

Coordinate conjunction that can be used are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (fanboys). Comma used immediately before this conjunction.

1.       Example Sentences Compound Sentence with a Coordinate Conjunction:

·         He did not come last night, for he fell asleep. (dia tidak datang kemarin karena dia terlelap.)

·         Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at 6:30 am. (Vina dan Amel bangun jam 5 dan mereka pergi ke sekolah jam setengah 7.)

Because each of these clauses can stand alone, sometimes coordinate conjunction is not able to show quite specific relationship / logical, especially the conjunction "and".

2.       conjunctive adverb

Conjunctive adverb or adverbial conjunction is a word that functions both as an adverb and a conjunction. Punctuation semicolon (semicolon) and the comma is used together with this conjunction. Conjunctive adverb, among others: furthermore, however, otherwise, therefore, and finally.

Example Sentences Compound Sentence with conjunctive adverb:

·         Natural resources of Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke. However, they are not used properly (Sumber daya alam Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Marauke. Akan tetapi, mereka tidak digunakan dengan benar.)

3.       semicolon

The semicolon itself can be used to connect two independent clauses are closely linked to one sentence.

Example Sentences Compound Sentence with a semicolon:

·         It's mine. It is not yours. (Itu milikku. Itu bukan milikmu.)

3. COMPLEX SENTENCE

Complex sentence is the sentence type (type of sentence) that consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clause.

Another type of sentence that is: simple, compound, and compound-complex sentence. By understanding the various types of sentences, will be very helpful in giving sentence variation on a post.

Dependent on the Complex Sentence Clause

In the complex sentence, clause independent mind on the main thought (more importantly) while an additional dependent. In other words, a complex sentence has a basic foundation to be independent

Additional information in the form of the dependent clause (s).

Example sentence:

•             Independent Clause: I like the book (saya suka buku)

•             Dependent Clause: that you bought yesterday. (kamu membeli buku itu kemarin)

•             Complex Sentence: I like the book that you bought  yesterday. (Saya suka buku yang kamu beli kemarin)

Some examples are the following sentences.

Example DC	Example IC	Example Sentences Complex Sentence
Adverbial Clause
when he found a lot of expired food	He was cleaning the kitchen	He was cleaning the kitchen when he found a lot of expired food. (Dia sedang membersihkan dapur ketika dia menemukan banyak makanan kadaluarsa.)
Because she had free time during last holiday	She rearranged her house.	Because she had free time during last holiday, she rearranged her house. (Karena dia mempunyai banyak waktu luang, dia menata ulang rumahnya.)
Adjective Clause
which is very faithful	Mueeza is a cat.	Mueeza is a cat which is very faithful. (Mueeza adalah kucing yang sangat setia)
that I has dreamed for many years ago.	It is the car.	It is the car that I has dreamed for many years ago. (Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan selama bertahun-tahun.)
Noun Clause*
What you ate last night	What you ate last night is a tasty cuisine	What you ate last night is a tasty cuisine that may contain trans fatty acids. (Apa yang kamu makan semalam merupakan masakan yang mungkin mengandung lemak trans.)

* In the example noun clause, the clause replace the noun (subject) in the independent clause. Object (a tasty cuisine) in independent described by the adjective clause (that may contain trans fatty acids).

Complex sentence tend to be more effective than the compound sentence because it shows more clearly the relationship between the specific clauses or sentences in conjuntion role thanks, pronouns, question word, and if.

4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

Compound-complex sentence is a sentence type (type of sentence) which is a combination of a compound with a complex sentence. Type this phrase have 3 or more clauses in it, which consists of a minimum of 2 independent clause and a dependent clause 1.

 Another type of sentence that is: simple, compound and complex sentence. By understanding the various types of sentences, will be very helpful in giving sentence variation on a post.

Example Sentences Compound-Complex Sentence:

While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, but he did not got rid of it Immediately.

(When he was cleaning the kitchen, she found a lot of expired food, but he does not throw it away.)

complex compound sentence above is a combination of:

• Complex Sentence: While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food. (dependent, independent)
• Compound Sentence: He found a lot of expired food, but he did not got rid of it Immediately. (independent, independent)

So that the overall compound-complex sentence has two independent and one dependent clause.

Punctuation (Punctuation) in Compound-Complex Sentence

Basically, compound-complex sentence punctuation follows the rules applicable to compound and complex sentence. In summary the rule is as follows.

Wide	Rules
Compound Sentence	·         If using a coordinate conjunction (for, and, nor, etc), comma is used just before the conjunctions. ·         If using conjunctive adverb (furthermore, however, when, etc), punctuation semicolon (semicolon) is used just before conjunctions and coma right after conjunctions. ·         Semicolon can be used to connect two independent clauses are highly correlated.
Complex Sentence	·         At the adverbial clause, if it is at the beginning of the sentence, clause tip is given comma. ·        On the adjective clause, if explain the subject (in the middle of a sentence), may be enclosed in a coma or not depending on the importance or not the information it carries

B. PRESENT TIME

1.SIMPLE PRESENT

Simple present tense is the tense of the most widely used both in conversation and in writing. Simple because it is said to show that the work is not being (continuous) or have (perfect) is performed. Present and said because of the time to do it today.

FORM :

Kalimat	Rumus Simple Present Tense	Contoh Simple Present Tense
positif (+)	S + V1/V1+s/es + O	She speaks English very well.
	S + be (am/is/are)	The children are naughty.
negatif (-)	S + do/does not + V1 + O	She doesn’t speak English very well
	S + be(am/is/are) + not	The children aren’t naughty
interogatif (?)	Do/Does + S + V1 + O	Does she soeak English very well?
	Be(am/is/are) + S	Are the children naughty?

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS 

Present continuous tense or the present progressive tense is the verb form used to express an ongoing action now (present) or plan for the future (future). Because it can be used in the present or the future, this tense is often accompanied by an adverb of time to clarify.

Formula Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "be", the form is / am / are - because the present tense (present time), and the present participle (V1-ing). Present continuous tense generally only occur in the form of dynamic action verb, not stative verb. Why so? because generally only dynamic verb that has the form of continuous Present Continuous Tense [Read: Stative Verb with Form Progressive].

Thus the present continuous tense formula for a sentence positive, negative and interrogative are as follows.

Sentence	Formula Present Continuous Tense	Example Present Continuous Tense
positif (+)	S + be(am/is/are) + present participle	The ships are sailing
		He is smiling
negatif (-)	S + be(am/is/are) + not + present participle	The ships are not sailing
		He is not smiling
interogatif (?)	be(am/is/are) + S + present participle?	are the ships sailing?
		Is he smiling?

3. PRESENT PERFECT

Present perfect tense is a form of the verb used to express an action or situation that has started in the past and still continues today or have been completed at a given point in time in the past, but the effect is still ongoing.

Formula Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "have" or "has" and the past participle (verb-3). Have used for I, you, they, we, while has to he, she, it, and the third person singular. Present Perfect TenseSedangkan past participle can be either regular or irregular verb.

Thus the present perfect tense formula for a sentence positive, negative and interrogative are as follows.

	Formula	Example Ssentence Present Perfect Tense
positif (+)	S + aux. verb(have/has) + V-3/past participle	I have read the book
		He has left
negatif (-)	S + aux. verb(have/has) + not + V-3/past participle	I have not read the book
		He hasn’t left
interogatif (?)	aux. verb(have/has) + S + V-3/past participle	Have I read the book
		Has he left

Function and Example Sentences Present Perfect Tense

Function	Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense to express past events no matter when exactly happened.	Can you recommend the most delicious seafood restaurant in this town? Yes, I’ve visited all of them. (Dapatkah kamu merekomendasikan restoran seafood paling lezat di kota ini? Ya, saya telah mengunjungi semuanya.)
	I’ve read this book. (Saya sudah membaca buku ini.)
Present perfect tense to indicate that an action occurred repeatedly in the past (adverb of number may be used).	She has called you three times. (Dia sudah meneleponmu tiga kali.)

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUES

Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Form Time Now Completed In Progress) is a form of time used to denote the act or situation that began during the past and has continued until now.

This time more obvious forms of use if used information ahead of time using the word since or for.

1. The pattern of positive words used are:

For subjects I, We, You, They

Subyek + have + been +V1 + ing

For subjects He, She, It :

Subyek + has+ been +V1 + ing

example :
- She has been studying for three hours.
  (Dia telah belajar selama tiga jam.) 
  (Dia telah belajar dua jam yang lalu dan sekarang masih belajar.)
- We have been living here since 2003.
  (Kami telah tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003.)
  (Kami telah tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003 yang lalu dan sekarang masih tinggal disini.)

2. The negative sentence patterns used are:

For subjects I, We, You, They

Subyek + have + not + been +V1 + ing

Untuk subyek He, She, It :

Subyek + has+ not + been +V1 + ing

example :
- She has not been studying for three hours.
  (Dia sudah tidak  belajar selama tiga jam.) 
- We have not been living here since 2003.
  (Kami sudah tidak tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003.)
  
3. interrogative sentence patterns used are:

For subjects I, We, You, They

Have + Subyek + been +V1 + ing ?

Untuk subyek He, She, It :

Has + Subyek + been +V1 + ing ?

examle :
- Has she been studying for three hours?
  (Apakah dia telah belajar selama tiga jam?) 
  - Have we been living here since 2003?
  (Apakah kami telah tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003?)